Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a type of behaviour disorder that is mostly diagnosed in childhood. Children with ODD are uncooperative, defiant, and hostile toward peers, parents, teachers, and other figures of authority. They are more troubling to others with a continuing pattern of uncooperativeness, defiance, and hostility. Without treatment, a child who has ODD has a greater chance of developing a more serious behavioural disorder called conduct disorder.
The DSM 5 recognizes substance-related disorders resulting from the use of 10 separate classes of drugs: alcohol; caffeine; cannabis; hallucinogens (phencyclidine or similarly acting arylcyclohexylamines, and other hallucinogens, such as LSD); inhalants; opioids; sedatives, hypnotics, or anxiolytics; stimulants (including amphetamine-type substances, cocaine, and other stimulants); tobacco; and other or unknown substances. Drug use leads to activation of the brain’s reward system, which is central to problems concerning addiction. The rewarding feeling that people experience may be so profound that they neglect other normal activities of their lives.
Personality is the way of thinking, feeling and behaving that makes a person different from others and characterizes their way of relating to others. An individual’s personality is influenced by experiences, environment and inherited characteristics. A person’s personality typically persistent. A personality disorder is a way of thinking, feeling and behaving that markedly deviates from the expectations of the culture, causes distress to themselves or others, or problems in functioning, and lasts over time.
